In the integrated approach, PMI estimates are provided by entomology.

• A. PMI estimates derived from insects reflect time since death
• B. Taphonomic observations from anthropology inform decay and preservation
• C. Dental morphology from odontology informs identity
• D. Genetic analysis from odontology informs ancestry

Answer: (A)

Entomology provides PMI estimates because the arrival and development of insects on a decomposing body follow predictable, temperature‑dependent timelines that can be matched to species‑specific life tables. By examining the developmental stage of the larvae or the oldest insects present and incorporating local environmental data, a time-since-death estimate can be derived. In the integrated approach, this biological clock from insects is the most direct indicator of how long the body has been exposed since death. Other disciplines contribute complementary information but do not directly quantify time since death: anthropology offers observations on decay and preservation; odontology informs identity, and genetics can illuminate ancestry. Thus, PMI estimates come from entomology because insects provide a practical, data‑driven measure of elapsed time.